Perspectives on Integrative Medicine

Case Report

Acupuncture for Hearing Recovery in an Adolescent with Bilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case Report: Narendra Lamichhane, Kamal Sharma, Ishwar Gyawali, Yuanzhen Yang, Lisa Dal Pozzo; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(1):52-58. Published online February 11, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.02.008

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Abstract PDF: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is often irreversible and therefore is challenging to treat. Corticosteroids are primarily used as first line treatment within 3 days of onset. Acupuncture has been proposed as a complementary therapy that may enhance cochlear blood flow and modulate auditory pathways. A 15-year-old male suffered sudden bilateral SNHL and dizziness of unknown cause in the first week of January, 2025; he did not receive corticosteroids. Pure tone audiometry measurements were performed on January 26, 2025, and showed a baseline measurement of mild SNHL in the right ear and moderate SNHL in the left ear. He received acupuncture treatment at Tīnghuì (GB2), Tīnggōng (SI19), Ěrmén (SJ21), Yìfēng (SJ17), Jiăosŭn (SJ20), Shàngguān (GB3), and Tàiyáng (EX-HN5) acupoints for 40 minutes daily, for 15 days, then twice weekly for 6 weeks. Pure tone audiometry levels on February 9, 2025, showed improvement to bilateral mild SNHL, and by March 4, 2025, hearing had normalized in both ears. Dizziness resolved within 1 week with no recurrence. No adverse events were reported. Early, targeted acupuncture may be temporally associated with improvement in hearing in this patient. This is a single case report so causality cannot be determined. While acupuncture may have contributed to the patient’s recovery, fluctuating or spontaneous recovery remains a plausible explanation. These findings highlight the potential for an association, and support the need for further controlled studies to investigate the effects of acupuncture on SNHL.

Original Article

Anxiolytic Effect of Acupuncture Treatment for Anxiety Compared with Phytotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Brazil: Talita Bonato de Almeida, Maria Imaculada de Lima Montebelo, Godofredo Pignataro Neto, Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(1):43-51. Published online February 11, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.02.007

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Abstract PDF: Background
Anxiety is the most common psychological disturbance; therefore, safe, and effective therapeutic options are necessary for managing the associated symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiolytic effect of acupuncture, and phytotherapeutic Valerian officinalis in anxious patients.
Methods
The trial was a participant- and assessor-blinded, parallel clinical study with 64 anxious patients who were randomized into 4 study groups. All patients, upon attendance at the clinic, were asked to lie down and perform abdominal breathing. In total, the volunteers in Real Acupuncture Group received 5 sessions of acupuncture while those of the Placebo Acupuncture Group received no intervention. In total, the volunteers in Real Phytotherapy Group received 28 capsules of V. officinalis and the Placebo Phytotherapy Group, 28 inert capsules. Anxiety was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Ryodoraku and Bioelectrography were used for energy analysis.
Results
After 5 weeks, analysis of the Visual Analogue Scale scores, all groups achieved a statistically significant reduction in levels of anxiety and the Real Acupuncture showed a large effect. All groups showed a reduction in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score, with the sub-item, “State in Real Acupuncture” being important. Ryodoraku showed the electrical properties values of the skin and with Bioelectrography indicated generally low energy that decreased further following use of the therapies.
Conclusion
Acupuncture was effective in reducing patients' anxiety and had a larger effect size than V. officinalis, therefore it could be offered as an alternative treatment for anxiety management.

Protocol

Study Protocol for a Randomized Pragmatic Clinical Trial Evaluating Pharmacopuncture Versus Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain: Ju Yeon Kim, Suna Kim, Yeonsun Lee, Hyun-Woo Cho, Yejin Hong, Dongwoo Nam, Yeoncheol Park, Eun-Jung Kim, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):181-189. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.007

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder, which is becoming increasingly common with the rise in computer and smartphone use. For many, this condition leads to chronic discomfort, and disability in daily life. Although pharmacopuncture represents a major treatment modality for neck pain in Korean medicine, its effectiveness and safety as compared with standard acupuncture has not been thoroughly investigated.
Methods
A study protocol for a multicenter, pragmatic, randomized clinical trial was designed with a parallel-group approach. A total of 128 participants, each experiencing chronic neck pain for at least 3 months, will be recruited. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the pharmacopuncture or acupuncture group and receive treatment twice weekly for 4 weeks. The primary outcome will be the change in score for neck pain, as assessed using the numeric rating scale, 5 weeks after baseline. Secondary outcomes will include evaluations using the visual analog scale, Northwick Park Questionnaire, Neck Disability Index, Patient Global Impression of Change, Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument with eight items, and the EuroQol-5 Dimension. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted and reported separately.
Discussion
The rigorous study design is intended to ultimately provide practical evidence for clinicians and policymakers regarding the use of pharmacopuncture treatment for chronic neck pain. By directly comparing its effectiveness with standard acupuncture, the results of the trial outcomes will offer insights that may inform future healthcare decisions. Trial registration: This protocol has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06520462) on July 25, 2024.

Case Report

Korean Medicine Treatment for Facial Palsy During Pregnancy: Case Report: Min-Jeong Kwon, Su-na Park, Ga Yeong Yi, Jae-kyoung Lee, Jae-Joong Jung, Su-Ji Choi, YeonSun Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):164-170. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.005

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Facial palsy during pregnancy often has a poor prognosis. Korean medicine treatment for facial palsy is considered safe and effective in pregnant women. Two cases of pregnant women with facial palsy who visited Bucheon Jaseng Korean Medicine Hospital and received Korean medicine treatment were retrospective analyzed. The treatment was applied to the affected side of the face using the points that are most widely used for facial palsy. The recovery outcomes were graded using the gross grading system Yanagihara scale, House-Brackmann scale, and the numeric rating scale. Both cases showed improvement in facial palsy symptoms. The House-Brackmann scale grade in Case 1 improved from Grade 4 to 2 (mild dysfunction), and in Case 2 from Grade 5 to 2 (mild dysfunction), and the numeric rating scale score in Case 1 improved from 6 to 0 points (no pain) and in Case 2 from 4 to 2 (mild pain). The Yanagihara scale total score also showed improvement increasing from 14 to 40 points (normal function) in Case 1 and 9 to 34 (mild dysfunction) in Case 2. Completion of treatment in Case 1 was on 46 days since onset and in Case 2 it was on 38 days since onset. Korean medicine treatment including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, moxibustion, cupping, and Chuna (applied early) can be used as an alternative treatment to steroids in facial palsy during pregnancy.

Review Articles

Role of Acupuncture on the Brain-Gut-Joint Axis in Osteoarthritis: Jae-Hwan Jang, Seok Hee Han, Yurim Song, Ju-Young Oh, Hi-Joon Park; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):153-163. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a predominantly degenerative disease with heterogeneous phenotypes, including subsets with low-grade inflammation. Emerging data suggest that the gut microbiota may contribute to OA biology. While noting that definitive, longitudinal links between acupuncture-induced microbiome modulation and joint outcomes are yet to be established clinically, acupuncture has been associated with symptomatic improvement of OA alongside immune and microbiome changes. Within a brain-gut-joint framework, preclinical, and mechanistic studies (N = 13) were assessed in this scoping review. The neuro-immune pathways, such as the vagal–adrenal/splenic, and sympatho–adrenal/splenic axes, when activated by acupuncture, can modulate gut microbial composition. These activated pathways likely involve the vagus nerve (a component of the parasympathetic nervous system) and the sympathetic nerves (which are connected to gastrointestinal-related organs, including the adrenal gland, spleen, and gut). Acupuncture may also activate the neuroendocrine system via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which regulates stress, thereby releasing hormones that contribute to anti-inflammatory effects. Acupuncture may support the treatment and management of OA via the brain-gut-joint axis. Given that acupuncture is associated with fewer side effects than conventional medications, it represents a promising therapeutic strategy for OA.

Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine Treatment in Cancer Care: A Scoping Review Focused on European Regions: Kwonwoo Park, Jeong Su Park, Minji Kim, Gyumi Park, Yujin Lee, Hakyung Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):131-140. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.002

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Acupuncture and herbal medicine have traditionally been used in East Asia for cancer care. This study aimed to explore how acupuncture and herbal medicine in cancer treatment is used in Europe to identify the common cancer types treated, therapeutic methods applied, and patient satisfaction. This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline and Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework. Literature searches were conducted using electronic databases and 2 complementary and alternative medicine-focused journals. The inclusion criteria included first author’s affiliation in Europe and use of acupuncture or herbal medicine in cancer treatment. The exclusion criteria included focusing solely on chemotherapy-related adverse effects or in vitro research. From 6,109 initial records, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies involved acupuncture, and 4 involved herbal medicine. Breast cancer was the most frequently studied and ST36 was the most frequently used acupuncture point. Herbal medicines included mistletoe extract and Ruta graveolens. Reported outcomes included symptom relief and generally positivity, although findings varied. This scoping review identified a limited but emerging body of cancer research on the use of acupuncture and herbal medicine in Europe. Highquality clinical research is needed.

Protocol

A Study Protocol for Developing a Consensus-Based Reporting Guideline for Case Reports on Acupuncture-Related Adverse Events: Tae-Hun Kim, Ye-Seul Lee, Jung-Won Kang, Myeong Soo Lee, Lin Ang, Jeremy Y. Ng, Stephen Birch, Terje Alræk, Lin Yu, Yuting Duan, Zhirui Xu; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(2):117-120. Published online June 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.06.007

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Case reports play a crucial role in identifying safety concerns related to new or rare complications and adverse events (AEs) associated with therapeutic interventions. Although acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by trained professionals, the increasing number of case reports reporting acupuncture-related AEs has raised public safety concerns. A recent systematic review of case reports from 2010 to 2023 determined that many reports lacked the essential details necessary for assessing AE causality, treatment appropriateness, and contributing risk factors. These omissions may result in misinformation, and exaggerate the potential harm of acupuncture. The CAse REport guidelines (13 items) provide general guidance to improve the clarity, completeness, and transparency of case report findings, but they do not address the unique clinical features and factors specific to acupuncture-related AEs such as defective needles, practitioner malpractice, or patient-related factors. These limitations may hinder the educational value of such reports in preventing acupuncture-related AEs. To address this gap, a consensus-based reporting guideline tailored to acupuncture-related AEs is necessary to enhance the quality, transparency, and reliability of case reports, which will ultimately contribute to improved patient care. This article outlines a protocol, and approaches, for developing a reporting guideline for acupuncture-related AEs in case reports.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

REporting Guidelines for aCupuncture‐Related AdverSe Event Case Reports (RECASE): Elaboration and Explanation
Ye‐Seul Lee, Tae‐Hun Kim, Jung‐Won Kang, Lin Ang, Jeremy Y. Ng, Stephen Birch, Terje Alræk, Lin Yu, Yuting Duan, Zhirui Xu, Myeong Soo Lee
Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Evaluating the Efficacy of Warm Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture in Temporomandibular Disorder: A Narrative Review: Lisa Dal Pozzo, Secondo Scarsella, Maria Abad Arranz; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(2):87-95. Published online June 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.06.003

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) causes jaw pain, difficulty speaking/eating, and discomfort referred to the head, neck, and shoulders. Western treatments (anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, muscle relaxants) may have side effects or may be unsuitable for older adults due to polypharmacy risks. Nonpharmacological options like physiotherapy and magnetic therapy are promising, but acupuncture, rooted in Traditional Chinese Medicine, has gained attention for its efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine attributes TMD to Qi stagnation, blood stasis, and pathogenic factors (cold, wind, dampness), leading to pain and stiffness. Acupuncture reduces pain, improves jaw mobility, and decreases joint noises, and has long-term benefits and low recurrence of TMD. Techniques like warm acupuncture and electroacupuncture lower inflammation and alleviate local/distal symptoms. This review compiles studies on acupuncture’s role in TMD treatment (mono or combined therapy) and draws from Western and Chinese databases. Acupuncture offers a safe, effective alternative, particularly for patients where conventional drugs are unsuitable.

Protocol

Study Protocol for a Systematic Review of the Methods and Reliability of Sham Electroacupuncture in Randomized Controlled Trials: Sung Min Lim; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(1):62-64. Published online February 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.02.008

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Abstract PDF: Background
Electroacupuncture (traditional acupuncture combined with electrical stimulation) is used to treat various medical conditions. However, the lack of standardized sham electroacupuncture options (placebo controls) poses a challenge in ensuring the validity of the results gained from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study presents a protocol for a systematic review to evaluate the methods and validity of sham electroacupuncture used in RCTs.
Methods
To provide evidence for establishing an optimal control model for sham electroacupuncture, a systematic review will be conducted by searching major English language electronic databases (including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for studies published up to May 2024. RCTs that utilized sham electroacupuncture as a control group will be included. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies and extract the data, and the quality of the selected studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. Frequency analysis will be conducted, and to assess blinding in RCTs the Blinding Index will be reported. This systematic review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (no.: CRD42024542514).
Results
/Conclusion: This systematic review will provide a comprehensive analysis of the methods and reliability of sham electroacupuncture in RCTs and thus help identify current practices and gaps. The findings may contribute to the development of standardized sham electroacupuncture controls and improve the design RCT in the future which will facilitate treatment validation of electroacupuncture.

Review Article

The Safety and Effectiveness of Electroacupuncture for Labor Pain Relief: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Hyein Jeong, Jiwon Heo, Hyunsuk Park, Kyeong Han Kim; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(1):6-15. Published online February 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.02.002

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Labor pain is among the most intense forms of pain, significantly impacting physical and psychological well-being. Although epidural anesthesia is effective, it has side effects and limited accessibility. Electroacupuncture (EA) offers a low-risk alternative. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the safety and effectiveness of EA in relieving labor pain and duration.
Methods
Randomized controlled trials comparing EA with standard treatments, including epidural anesthesia, were identified through database searches up to August 2024. The primary outcome was pain reduction (assessed using the visual analog scale), and the secondary outcomes were labor duration (1^st and 2^nd stages), Apgar scores, and adverse effects.
Results
In the analysis there were 10 randomized controlled trials (involving 1,498 women in labor) included in this review. EA statistically significantly improved both the level of pain and reduced labor duration compared with those women who received standard treatments (p < 0.001). Apgar scores were assessed in 3 studies and determined that the physical condition of the delivered babies was not statistically significantly different between EA and standard treatment for labor pain. Study protocol indicated the recording of adverse effects in one of the ten studies. Adverse events in that study recorded mild localized discomfort (1.89%, n = 1).
Conclusion
EA reduced labor pain and duration, and demonstrated its potential as an alternative to the conventional approaches for managing labor pain. The limited data suggest EA is likely safe, but further research is needed to confirm its safety profile.

Editorial

Empowering Acupuncture Students Through an Education in Research: Using Case Reports to Enhance Learning and Clinical Practice: Sandro Graca, Samantha J. Allen, Harriet Lansdown, Rosa N. Schnyer, Kathleen Lumiere; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(1):1-5. Published online February 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.02.001; Correction in: Perspect Integr Med 2025;4(2):125

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Abstract PDF: The current landscape of acupuncture education is marked by significant challenges including the closure of prominent schools and a decline in student enrollment. Addressing these issues requires innovative approaches that improve educational content and student engagement. Given the recognized interest in research amongst students, integration of research skills into acupuncture education is vital in the development of students into practitioners who are equipped with critical thinking. These skills enable meaningful engagement with scientific literature and facilitate the delivery of evidence-based care. Production of a case report goes beyond taking simple case histories and provides a practical bridge between theory and clinical practice by teaching students research skills (systematic data collection, detailed analysis, and critical evaluation of treatment outcomes). The work involved in case reports enhances diagnostic skills, clinical reasoning, and communication with peers and other healthcare professionals. When used in conjunction with pragmatic data sets, case reports may be used in secondary analyses that reflect real-world clinical settings in a more practical way than clinical trials providing insights into broader clinical patterns and outcomes. The integration of research-focused learning prepares students for evidence-based practice, promotes interdisciplinary communication, and supports professionalism in acupuncture through contributions to the clinical evidence base.

Protocol

A Protocol for the Validation of Novel Sham Acupuncture in Patients Who Have Had a Stroke: Sung Min Lim; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(3):168-171. Published online October 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.10.006

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
A sham control group enhances the quality of clinical trials by controlling for the placebo effect. To ensure rigorous blinding to enhance the quality of clinical trials on acupuncture treatment it is important to develop a more sophisticated sham needle. Discrepancies in perceived needling sensation and treatment expectations between patients and healthy volunteers may affect study outcomes. Thus, it may be inappropriate to generalize the findings of a sham needle validation study in healthy adults to patients who have had a stroke. Therefore, this is a protocol for a clinical trial in patients who have had a stroke to validate a newly developed sham needle to be used in double-blind trials.
Methods
Sixty-six patients who have had a stroke will be randomly assigned to the verum or sham needle group using a 1:1 ratio. As the verum and sham needles are identical in appearance, both participants and practitioners will be unaware of the needle type used for acupuncture treatment. After the acupuncture procedure, the participants will be asked whether they believe they received the verum or sham acupuncture treatment and indicate penetration, pain, and de qi sensation for each acupuncture point. A between-group comparison of needle-related adverse events will be performed.
Discussion
This double-blind randomized controlled trial will be the first study to validate a newly developed sham acupuncture needle for patients who have had a stroke. The results of this study may inform clinical trial study design for acupuncture treatment of patients who have had a stroke.

Review Articles

Trends in Clinical Research on Ultrasound-Guided Acupuncture: A Scoping Review: Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Ju Yeon Kim, In Heo, Jae-Heung Cho, Byung-Kwan Seo, Yeoncheol Park, Jung-Hyun Kim, In-Hyuk Ha; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(3):152-161. Published online October 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.10.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Acupuncture is widely used to reduce pain and improve function in various conditions. Despite ongoing research in ultrasound-guided acupuncture, evidence supporting efficacy remains inconclusive. This study aimed to examine Korean and international research trends, clinical efficacy, and safety of ultrasound-guided acupuncture by performing a scoping review of clinical research on ultrasound-guided acupuncture. Literature searches were conducted across 11 databases, including all clinical studies published before April 2024, without restrictions on condition/disease or type of study. Of the 2,644 identified articles, 25 studies were selected for review, mostly involving patients with musculoskeletal pain, and post-stroke sequelae. Interventions included ultrasound-guided acupuncture, warming acupuncture, dry needling, and electroacupuncture. The effectiveness of ultrasound-guided acupuncture was evaluated using pain, functional disability, and effective rate as outcome measures, and most studies reported significant improvements. This study is the first scoping review to report on trends, clinical efficacy, and safety of ultrasound-guided acupuncture. While it demonstrates potential for treating musculoskeletal disorders, post-stroke sequelae, spinal injuries, and other conditions/diseases, research on its application remains limited to specific conditions/diseases. Furthermore, substantial variations were observed in types of acupuncture, application areas, and treatment frequencies. Future research should focus on high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized ultrasound frequencies for specific conditions/diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided pharmacopuncture: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jinho Lee, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Ju Yeon Kim, In Heo, Jae-Heung Cho, Byung-Kwan Seo, Dong Kun Ko, In-Hyuk Ha
Medicine.2025; 104(11): e41733. CrossRef
Ultrasound-guided acupuncture therapy in Korea: advancing traditional practices with new technology
Sang-ho Lee, You Suk Youn, Min Chul Kim, Junghum Sun, Donghyon Ha, Tae-Hun Kim
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Effects of Acupuncture on Cartilage Degradation and Joint Pain in Osteoarthritis: Jae-Hwan Jang, Jaejin Han, Changsu Na, Hi-Joon Park; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(3):134-141. Published online October 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.10.002

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Osteoarthritis, resulting from joint decline, leads to various symptoms including joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, and local inflammation. These symptoms may be caused by the remodeling of the five structural phenotypes: inflammatory, subchondral bone, meniscal cartilage, atrophic, and hypertrophic phenotypes. Studies have shown that acupuncture can inhibit cartilage degradation by regulating extracellular matrix-degradation and enzyme synthesis. Notably, the efficacy of acupuncture treatment in osteoarthritis may be attributed to regulated inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes, as well as endogenous opioid production, and activation of the endocannabinoid systems (in the central and peripheral nervous systems), to contribute towards cartilage protection and joint pain relief. This review provides a current summary of the mechanisms of action of acupuncture in osteoarthritis, indicating that acupuncture, a therapy with fewer side effects than conventional medications, may be an effective treatment strategy for the management of osteoarthritis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Electroacupuncture at Nerve Innervation Zones Combined with Exercise Rehabilitation for Early-Stage Knee Osteoarthritis in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
Huang Jin-Hao, Marwa Osama, Ge Si-Yuan, Hu Miao-Miao, Shi Tian-Hui, Dong Lu, Xu Guo-Hui
European Journal of Integrative Medicine.2026; : 102630. CrossRef
Effects of 650 nm laser acupuncture on cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle in osteoarthritis
Seung-Ho Seo, Sang-Mi Kang, Yang-Hee You, Chang-Su Na
Bone Reports.2025; 26: 101864. CrossRef

Original Article

Evidence Map of Acupuncture: Where We Stand and Where We Should Go: Tae-Hun Kim, Jung Won Kang; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(2):106-113. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.06.006

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Evidence mapping presents the current status of evidence on a specific field. The "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" published in 2014 gave an overall picture of the evidence on acupuncture treatments for various conditions/diseases. In this study, evidence in 2024 for the effect of acupuncture was reassessed.
Methods
The systematic reviews (SRs) on acupuncture for the 43 conditions/diseases where evidence was previously unclear or potentially effective in the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014 were searched in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library, and included SRs up to February, 2024. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations assessment in the included SRs was used for assessing the confidence level in the evidence of each condition.
Results
When compared with the results of the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014, the average number of randomized controlled trials included in a SR increased from 11 to 19.5 by 2024. However, the confidence level showed an overall decrease. The reasons for unclear evidence were mainly methodological limitations such as poor research design, small sample size and small number of studies, and the results of the 2024 reassessment did not show a significant difference in the reasons compared with the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014.
Discussion
To improve clinical evidence for acupuncture, simple repetition and increasing the number of new randomized controlled trials does not seem to be effective. To reduce redundancy, large scaled studies should be conducted, and a new critical appraisal tool for acupuncture is needed to avoid unfair evaluation of risk of bias in acupuncture research.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Review of Key Research and Engagement in 2023–2024
John McDonald, Jonquil W. Pinto, Lin Ang, Sandro Graca
Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2025; 31(4): 313. CrossRef
Robust Evidence in Integrative Medicine: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions
Ye-Seul Lee, Myeong Soo Lee, David Moher, In-Hyuk Ha, Jian-Ping Liu, Terje Alræk, Stephen Birch, Tae-Hun Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Juan V.A. Franco, Jeremy Y. Ng, Holger Cramer
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2024; 3(3): 162. CrossRef

Protocol

Validation of a New Sham Acupuncture Needle for Double-Blind Trials: A Study Protocol: Sung Min Lim; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(1):57-60. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.02.008

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Abstract PDF

Background
To establish efficacy in acupuncture treatment, rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCT) are needed. Non-invasive sham acupuncture needles are an effective tool for practitioner/participant blinding. This study presents a protocol for the validation of a newly developed sham acupuncture needle.
Methods
A double-blind RCT will be conducted on 66 healthy adults who will be randomly assigned (using computer-generated random numbers) to either the verum (n = 33) or sham (n = 33) acupuncture needle group. The needles will be inserted at 2 acupuncture points: LI4 (upper limb) and ST36 (lower limb). The primary outcome measure is the practitioner/participants belief that they received verum or sham acupuncture. The secondary outcome measures are participant-rated sensations (penetration, pain, and de qi). Adverse events will be recorded with detailed explanations, categorizing occurrences according to related or unrelated to acupuncture. As the newly developed sham acupuncture has not been studied before, an exploratory approach has been adopted. Descriptive statistics, t test, and χ² test will be applied appropriately.
Results
This study is intended to provide a protocol for the validation of a sham acupuncture needle by using a double-blind RCT setting, and the results will hopefully contribute to the standardization of the needles used for sham acupuncture. The outcomes aim to determine the reliability of practitioner/participant blinding, participant experience of sensations, and lay groundwork for a standardized control group for clinical trials in the future. The newly developed non-invasive sham acupuncture needle may reduce bias and improve reliability in the size effect of acupuncture treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Designing an Attention Control Condition for a Randomized Controlled Trial Using TED Talks
Karen A. Nelson, Sahereh Mirzaei, Judith M. Schlaeger, Hongjin Li, Larisa Burke, Peter Cabezas, Monya Meinel, Lauren Rountree, Sofie Su, Holli A. DeVon
Western Journal of Nursing Research.2025; 47(8): 764. CrossRef
Introducing a novel sham acupuncture method for double-blind trials: A validation study
Sung Min Lim, Eunji Go, Jungsup Lee, Go Eun Lee, Chihyoung Son
Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2025; 92: 103198. CrossRef
A Protocol for the Validation of Novel Sham Acupuncture in Patients Who Have Had a Stroke
Sung Min Lim
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2024; 3(3): 168. CrossRef

Original Article

Acupuncture Needles and the Risk of Lymphedema After Breast Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective National Cohort Study: Ye-Seul Lee, Yucheol Lim, Jiyoon Yeo; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(1):29-36. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.02.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Controversies remain over the impact of using needles on breast cancer patients after surgery due to risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). While recent literature suggests that vascular access during the postsurgical stage does not affect the risk of BCRL, the impact of acupuncture on the risk of BCRL during the postsurgical stage has not been studied.
Methods
This study included 35,153 patients from 2011 to 2013 who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer in a population-based cohort from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. All patients received breast surgery, and the treatment group received acupuncture for more than 3 sessions in the 3-6 months post-surgery. The control group did not receive acupuncture. The incidence rate ratio, Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of BCRL, and death between groups.
Results
About 5.8% of the study population received acupuncture during the 3-6 months post-surgery treatment window. After propensity score matching, the acupuncture treatment group did not show an increased risk of BCRL (IRR 1.017, 95% CI 0.868-1.193; unadjusted HR 1.018, 95% CI 0.868-1.193). This risk was robust in all multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.
Conclusion
An association of BCRL with acupuncture was not observed. Patients who received acupuncture to manage symptoms such as pain during the 3-6 months postsurgical stage did not have a higher risk of developing BCRL. Breast cancer patients who seek acupuncture to alleviate post-surgery symptoms such as pain, can receive acupuncture without concerns for potential risk of BCRL.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma arising in a post-acupuncture keloid scar: a case report and literature review
Minwoo Park, Sug Won Kim, Jiye Kim
Archives of Craniofacial Surgery.2025; 26(4): 160. CrossRef

Editorial

A Pilot Trial of Integrative Medicine for Stroke Rehabilitation: Expert Recommendations for the Development and Sustainability of Integrative Medicine: Chihyoung Son, Go-Eun Lee, Joo-Hee Seo, Inae Youn, Jin-Won Kim; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(1):1-6. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.02.001

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Background
Strategies towards development and sustainability of integrative treatment in stroke rehabilitation medicine are needed. National expert recommendations based on the implementation of Integrative Medicine (IM) in stroke rehabilitation and IM outcomes would be invaluable.
Methods
A pilot study was performed and the effectiveness of combining Korean traditional medicine and Western conventional medicine in post-stroke patients (ischemic stroke n = 15 and hemorrhagic stroke n = 4) was evaluated, and recommendations were developed through consensus with physicians in national centers of rehabilitative medicine. Outcome measures [Korean Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), Korean Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) assessment were used at baseline, 4, 8 (K-MBI, K-MMSE, mRS, and EQ-5D-5L) and 12 weeks post treatment (EQ-5D-5L and mRS).
Results
Improvements were observed in functional and cognitive abilities at 8 weeks (K-MBI score p = 0.0062; K-MMSE score p = 0.046). Quality of life improvements (EQ-5D-5L) were observed but were not statistically significant. The disability assessment (mRS) indicated a gradual improvement from baseline to 12 weeks. No adverse events were reported. For effective, patient-centered IM treatment: (1) build a strong evidence base for IM as compared with Western medicine alone or traditional medicine alone; (2) active expert collaboration; (3) IM promotion in public medical institutions; and (4) continued government support.
Conclusion
Functional and cognitive abilities of stroke patients statistically significantly improved following 8 weeks of IM treatment. Strategies have been suggested towards the development and sustainability of IM treatment in stroke rehabilitation medicine.

Letter

Does the Chinese Literature Indicate Larger Effect Sizes? This Might Indeed be the Case: Tae-Hun Kim, Jung Won Kang; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):202-203. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.009

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Abstract PDF: This letter discusses concerns in a currently published meta-epidemiological study on commonly observed large effect sizes in the Chinese literature, focusing on potential selection bias and analysis methods. Researchers should be cautious when conducting systematic reviews that include the literature from specific countries or regions. Regardless of the country, the key issue is to enhance future research quality.

Protocol

Acupuncture for Rectal Cancer Patients with Low Anterior Resection Syndrome: A Mixed Method Pilot Study Protocol: Ming Yang, Honglin Jiang, Lin Xu, Qiaoli Zhang, Xun Li, Liu Han, Yudong Bao, Lu Yang, Mi Zhang, Lihua Zheng, Ningyuan Liu, Jianping Liu, Jinchang Huang; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):195-201. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.008

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Abstract PDF

Background
This protocol aims to facilitate the evaluation of acupuncture in the treatment of low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) on the bowel in rectal cancer patients.
Methods
This pragmatic pilot study was designed using a convergent parallel mixed methods design combining a single-arm trial and semi-structured qualitative interview.
Results
Sixty patients with LARS will be recruited from out/inpatient departments. For evaluation of efficacy, the single-arm objective performance criteria will be used in the pilot study in which all eligible participants will receive electroacupuncture mainly on Baliao acupoints three times a week for four weeks. The LARS scale, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre Bowel Function Index, and anorectal manometry will be used to assess symptoms and pressure changes. The European Quality of Life Five Dimensions Questionnaire and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 will be used to evaluate quality of life. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted among twenty participants to understand their experience and feelings. The qualitative and quantitative data will be analyzed and summarized before comparative analysis. Qualitative themes derived from qualitative analysis will be ranked with the variables of quantitative statistics. Finally, we will answer the research question from multiple perspectives by comparing different types of evidence for the same dimension.
Conclusion
This mixed method study design will potentially evaluate the feasibility and effects of electroacupuncture for LARS and gain an in-depth understanding of the attitudes, experiences, feelings, and acceptance among patients with LARS.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Long-term electroacupuncture for low anterior resection syndrome in postoperative rectal cancer patients: case reports
Wenna Li, Ming Yang, Jinchang Huang, Qiaoli Zhang
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Short Communication

Perspectives and Ideas to Advance Integrative Medicine and Healthcare: Proceedings of the 4^th Annual Jaseng Academic Conference: Andrew Jang, Jinho Lee, Catherine Donahue, David Coggin-Carr, Mike Cummings, Kien Trinh, Myeong Soo Lee, Susan Wieland, Christopher Zaslawski, Lawrence Prokop, Joon Shik Shin; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):190-194. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.007

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Abstract PDF

The 4^th Annual Jaseng Academic conference (August 13, 2023) in Seoul, South Korea, was a pivotal event in the realm of integrative medicine. Cohosted by Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine and Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, over 500 professionals including Korean medicine doctors, medical doctors, doctors of osteopathic medicine, acupuncturists, researchers, and students gathered at the conference. The theme, “Perspectives on Integrative Medicine,” marked a departure from previous conference themes and embraced a multidisciplinary approach to healthcare. The event highlighted the importance of holistic patient care and cross-disciplinary collaboration within healthcare. It offered a comprehensive overview of the current state of integrative medicine approaches in manual medicine, evidence-based acupuncture treatment, and acupuncture research. The Annual Jaseng Academic conference continues to serve as a platform for healthcare professionals to exchange ideas and perspectives, and bridges the gap between diverse medical systems to promote improved patient outcome and wellbeing.

Citations

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Effects of Combined Shinbaro and Celecoxib in a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain Mouse Model
Jae-Hwan Jang, Yurim Song, Seok Hee Han, Bo Ram Choi, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha
Journal of Inflammation Research.2025; Volume 18: 2349. CrossRef

Editorial

Best Evidence for Best Care: Nicola Robinson; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):139-141. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.001

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Graphical Abstract PDF

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

What is good practice in traditional Chinese medicine?
Nicola Robinson, Monique Sheelagh Jacquard Simmonds, Jian-ping Liu
Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine and Technology Ass.2025; 1(2): 9570011. CrossRef

Protocol

Systematic Review Protocol for Sham Acupuncture Validation Research: Sung Min Lim; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(2):131-133. Published online June 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.06.008

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1 Citations

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Background
Streitberger and Park sham needles have been developed and used as non-penetrating sham acupuncture needles that can be blinded in randomized controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy of acupuncture. Ideal sham acupuncture should not be distinguishable from an actual acupuncture treatment provided to the experimental group to ensure patient blinding; additionally, it should not have any physiological or biological effect. Providing evidence for such sophisticated sham acupuncture devices is critical, as control settings in clinical studies are based on research verifying their validity.
Methods
Three core electronic databases - PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials - will be used to search for validity verification studies of sham acupuncture devices. Clinical studies that verify the validity of non-penetrating sham acupuncture devices will be included in the review.
Results
The study design, participant information, experimental and control groups, study population’s experience with acupuncture, outcome variables, and results of studies that verify the validity of sham acupuncture devices will be systematically reviewed.
Conclusion
This systematic review of validity verification studies of sham acupuncture devices is expected to help the development of more sophisticated sham acupuncture, as well as the design of studies verifying its validity in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A systematic review of sham acupuncture validation studies
Sung Min Lim, Eunji Go
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Short Communication

The Mazzanti AcuOsteo Method^®: Pathology and Treatment with Acupuncture and Osteopathy of the Musculoskeletal Pain of The Upper and Lower Limbs: Umberto Mazzanti; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(2):126-130. Published online June 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.06.007

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultations in my clinic. In my experience of 35 years, acupuncture, and osteopathy are effective techniques in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain of the upper and lower limbs. Pain reported by the patient often affects a widespread area around the joint and is usually associated with some stiffness. The aim of acupuncture is to restore the local circulation of Qì and Blood, inducing an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, along with myofascial detensioning. The aim of the osteopathic manipulative treatment is to return joints to their normal position and restore restricted joint motion. The Mazzanti AcuOsteo Method is a newly patented method which uses the synergistic combination of using points for acupuncture, cupping or bleeding, and osteopathy to maximize effectiveness of treatment for musculoskeletal pain.

Guideline

ACURATE: A Guide for Reporting Sham Controls in Trials Using Acupuncture: Ye-Seul Lee, Song-Yi Kim, Hyangsook Lee, Younbyoung Chae, Myeong Soo Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(2):100-106. Published online June 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.06.004

4,539 View
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2 Citations

Abstract PDF

This paper presents the Acupuncture Controls gUideline for Reporting humAn Trials and Experiments (ACURATE) checklist, an extension of The Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials (CONSORT) and to be used along with STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) when both real and sham acupuncture needles are used in the study. This checklist focuses on a clear depiction of sham needling procedures to enhance replicability and enable a precise appraisal. We encourage researchers to use ACURATE in trials and reviews involving sham acupuncture to assist reporting of sham acupuncture procedures and the related components.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Acupuncture for Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Andrew Jang, Maren Wenninger, Hyangsook Lee, Shuai Zheng
Journal of Clinical Psychology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Robust Evidence in Integrative Medicine: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions
Ye-Seul Lee, Myeong Soo Lee, David Moher, In-Hyuk Ha, Jian-Ping Liu, Terje Alræk, Stephen Birch, Tae-Hun Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Juan V.A. Franco, Jeremy Y. Ng, Holger Cramer
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2024; 3(3): 162. CrossRef

Review Article

A Scoping Review of Clinical Research on Motion Style Acupuncture Treatment: Doori Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(2):65-76. Published online June 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.06.001

8,485 View
104 Download
8 Citations

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

This scoping review was conducted to examine the concept of Motion style acupuncture treatment (MSAT), use in clinical practice, its effectiveness, and safety. A literature review of clinical study treatment methods combining acupuncture and movement therapy was performed using PubMed. Of 2,096 studies retrieved, 22 were included in this review. There were 12 randomized controlled trials, and all 22 studies were published in China and Korea, mostly, within the last 3 years. There were five studies concerning local acupoints and 17 studies regarding needling at distal acupoints, and the level of risk of the procedure was “high” in eight studies and “moderate” in 14 studies. The study participants were patients with musculoskeletal pain, and many studies reported significant improvements in pain and functional disability outcomes following treatment using MSAT. For conclusion, MSAT refers to a treatment method in which a patient performs active/passive movements under the supervision of a physician with the acupuncture needle retained at the insertion site. However, there are a limited number of MSAT studies, and various treatment types and related terms are mixed. Further studies, classification of the types of MSAT using a well-established classification system, and a clearer definition of the MSAT concept are needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness and safety of motion style acupuncture treatment for acute neck pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Yoon Jae Lee, Doori Kim, Kyoung Sun Park, Suna Kim, Ji-Yeon Seo, Hyun Woo Cho, In Heo, Woo-Chul Shin, Jae-Heung Cho, Jung-Hyun Kim, Byung-Kwan Seo, In-Hyuk Ha
Chinese Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Applications and Prescriptions of Motion Style Acupuncture Treatment for Musculoskeletal Pain: A Scoping Review of Clinical Controlled Trials
Yetong Chen, Fenglin Zhu, Yang Zhu, Yucheng Duan, Zhenmin Bai
Journal of Pain Research.2025; Volume 18: 3275. CrossRef
Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Patients with Acute Neck Pain Undergoing Conservative Treatment with Korean Medicine
Ji Sun Kim, Eunsan Kim, Seungwon Shin, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Journal of Pain Research.2025; Volume 18: 3709. CrossRef
Effect of extraocular muscle motion style acupuncture treatment on a patient with oculomotor nerve palsy unresponsive to conventional treatment: A case report
Hyukjin Jeong, Nam-Woo Lee, Jinho Lee, Joon-Shik Shin, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Medicine.2025; 104(28): e43279. CrossRef
Motion style acupuncture therapy for acute lumbar sprain: A case report and clinical insights
Jieqi Hong, Danhong He
Asian Journal of Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effectiveness of lumbar motion style acupuncture treatment on inpatients with acute low back pain: A pragmatic, randomized controlled trial
Oh-Bin Kwon, Dong Wook Hwang, Dong-Hyeob Kang, Sang-Joon Yoo, Do-Hoon Lee, Minjin Kwon, Seon-Woo Jang, Hyun-Woo Cho, Sang Don Kim, Kyong Sun Park, Eun-San Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Doori Kim, In-Hyuk Ha
Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2024; 82: 103035. CrossRef
Graded exercise with motion style acupuncture therapy for a patient with failed back surgery syndrome and major depressive disorder: a case report and literature review
Do-Young Kim, In-Hyuk Ha, Ju-Yeon Kim
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effectiveness and Safety of Progressive Loading–Motion Style Acupuncture Treatment for Acute Low Back Pain after Traffic Accidents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Seung-Yoon Hwangbo, Young-Jun Kim, Dong Guk Shin, Sang-Joon An, Hyunjin Choi, Yeonsun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Ju Yeon Kim, In-Hyuk Ha
Healthcare.2023; 11(22): 2939. CrossRef

Original Article

An Observational Study on the Anatomical Characteristics of Acupoint CV23 (Lianquan) with Ultrasonography: Hongmin Chu, Seongjun Park, Jaehyo Kim, Wonbae Ha, Seung Bum Yang, Kyungho Kang, Jongho Kim, Jungtae Leem, Sanghun Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):49-55. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.007

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2 Citations

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Background
Acupoint CV23 is one of the most commonly used acupoints for the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia and tongue pain. However, care must be taken during the procedure to consider the position of glands and blood vessels in the subcutaneous space of the acupoint. Needling depths to the geniohyoid muscle reportedly range from 0.4 to 3.3 cm. Using ultrasound imaging, we aimed to observe the anatomical characteristics around acupoint CV23 to derive a safe needling depth.
Methods
Ultrasound images of acupoint CV23 accessed from the Standard Ultrasound Image of Acupoint database were retrospectively analyzed for 30 participants aged in their 20s and 30s (15 male, 15 female), and the depth from the skin to the geniohyoid muscle was measured. Correlations between the needling depth and anthropometric factors (such as neck circumference) were analyzed.
Results
The average needling depth to the geniohyoid muscle was 1.59 ± 0.49 cm (male; 1.43 ± 0.52 cm, female, 1.75 ± 0.42 cm, p = 0.03). The geniohyoid muscle, anterior digastric muscles, and genioglossus muscle were observed in the subcutaneous area of acupoint CV23, and a risk of sublingual gland damage needs to be considered for oblique insertion of the acupuncture needle. No statistically significant correlations between the needling depth and anthropometric factors were observed.
Conclusion
Acupoint CV23 has a relatively shallow needling depth, and considering the presence of blood vessels and glands in the sublingual space, visualizing the surrounding anatomical structures using ultrasound was helpful to ensure safe needling practice.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided pharmacopuncture: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jinho Lee, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Ju Yeon Kim, In Heo, Jae-Heung Cho, Byung-Kwan Seo, Dong Kun Ko, In-Hyuk Ha
Medicine.2025; 104(11): e41733. CrossRef
Survey on the current usage of ultrasound-guided procedures in Korean Medicine Clinics and Hospitals
Ju Yeon Kim, Jung Min Yun, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Dong Kun Ko, In Heo, Woo-Chul Shin, Jae-Heung Cho, Byung-Kwan Seo, In-Hyuk Ha
Medicine.2024; 103(14): e37659. CrossRef

Review Articles

Trends in the Development of Sham Acupuncture-Related Technologies Focused on Patents Applied for in South Korea: Sung Min Lim; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):36-41. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.005

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5 Citations

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Background
This study aimed to analyze the trends in Korean patents for sham acupuncture.
Methods
The electronic database of the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service was searched for Korean patents for sham acupuncture from inception till September 2020. Patents, which were not related to sham acupuncture, were excluded. The applicant, application date, International Patent Classification, and technological content of sham acupuncture were analyzed.
Results
This study included eight patents. Application analysis identified the following sham acupuncture types: four (50%), two (25%), and two (25%) patents were for non-penetrating sham acupuncture, electronic sham acupuncture, and patch sham acupuncture, respectively. All patents aimed to use sham acupuncture as a control for rigorous double-blind clinical trials to verify the efficacy of real acupuncture treatment.
Conclusion
The present findings suggest that technological advances were focused on developing various types of sham acupuncture methods for double-blind studies. Further large-scale studies using rigorous designs are needed to investigate new sham acupuncture applications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Introducing a novel sham acupuncture method for double-blind trials: A validation study
Sung Min Lim, Eunji Go, Jungsup Lee, Go Eun Lee, Chihyoung Son
Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2025; 92: 103198. CrossRef
Validation of a New Sham Acupuncture Needle for Double-Blind Trials: A Study Protocol
Sung Min Lim
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2024; 3(1): 57. CrossRef
A systematic review of sham acupuncture validation studies
Sung Min Lim, Eunji Go
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in the Development of Acupuncture-Related Technologies Based on Patents in South Korea
Sung Min Lim, Eunji Go, Carmen Mannucci
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medic.2024; 2024: 1. CrossRef
Systematic Review Protocol for Sham Acupuncture Validation Research
Sung Min Lim
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2023; 2(2): 131. CrossRef

Proposal of a Case Reporting Draft Guideline for Pharmacopuncture: Literature Review of Pharmacopuncture Case Reports: Soohyun Jeong, Chaeyeon Son, Hyunjin Kim, Gapsik Yang, Hongmin Chu, Jungtae Leem; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):24-35. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Pharmacopuncture is a popular treatment that combines the advantages of both herbal medicine and acupuncture. However, pharmacopuncture care reporting guidelines have not yet been developed. This study aimed to propose a reporting guideline draft for pharmacopuncture case reports. Pharmacopuncture case reports were retrieved from 4 databases (KCI, RISS, ScienceON, OASIS) to analyze the items reported and their fidelity. We analyzed 5 existing reporting guidelines related to Korean medicine case reporting to identify the items to be included in the extension of pharmacopuncture reporting guidelines. From 3,684 studies, 29 case reports were included and 4 items were identified as not reported in enough detail: “direction and depth of pharmacopuncture” (89.5%); “method of manufacturing the syringe needle” (82.8%); “posture of the patient during the therapy” (75.9%); and “pharmacopuncture recipe” (69.5%). As a result of analyzing moxibustion and acupuncture clinical trial reporting guidelines, it was determined that detailed reporting guidelines on the type of pharmacopuncture, manufacturing method, and treatment method were required and we propose that a pharmacopuncture reporting guideline draft should include these details. Further investigations are warranted using the Delphi technique to reach agreement with clinical practitioners and clinical research experts.

Citations

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Human Placental Extract as a Promising Epidural Therapy for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Enhancing Axonal Plasticity and Mitigating Pain and Inflammation in a Rat Model
Jin Young Hong, Hyun Kim, Wan‐Jin Jeon, Changhwan Yeo, Junseon Lee, Hyunseong Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, In‐Hyuk Ha
JOR SPINE.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Editorial

Integration of Acupuncture into UK Healthcare - A NICE Perspective: Why is Acupuncture Now Recommended for Chronic Pain but not for Back Pain or Osteoarthritis: Mike Cummings; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):3-7. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.002

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4 Citations

Abstract PDF

In April 2021, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published a guideline on chronic pain (NG193) with a recommendation to consider a single course of acupuncture treatment in patients with chronic primary pain. This positive recommendation came after the NICE guideline on low back pain and sciatica (NG59) announced in November 2016, that acupuncture treatment did not work for back pain, having previously recommended it in 2009 (CG88). This article attempts to explain this apparent contradiction in recommendations by tracing the history of acupuncture debates in the NICE guidelines over the last 2 decades.

Citations

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Model-based economic evaluation of pharmacopuncture for chronic low back pain: a 3-year Markov analysis
Ye-Seul Lee, Sujin Kim, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of health technology assessment in Korean medicine
Myeong Soo Lee, Hye Won Lee
Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine and Technology Ass.2025; 1(1): 9570003. CrossRef
Effects of traditional east asian herbal medicine decoctions on low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gyu Chan Shim, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Su Won Lee, In-Hyuk Ha
European Journal of Integrative Medicine.2025; 80: 102555. CrossRef
A Review of Key Research and Engagement in 2022
John McDonald, Sandro Graca, Claudia Citkovitz, Lisa Taylor-Swanson
Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2023; 29(8): 455. CrossRef

Review Articles

Effects of Acupuncture on Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms in Animal Models: Jae-Hwan Jang, Hi-Joon Park; Perspect Integr Med. 2022;1(1):17-20. Published online September 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2022.09.004

5,603 View
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5 Citations

Abstract PDF

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition/disease characterized by mechanical and thermal pain. Neuropathic pain can have various comorbidities such as depression, anxiety disorders and cognitive impairment, and as a result, can have a detrimental effect on quality of life. Pain and comorbid symptoms are often complicated, intertwined, affect each other, and present difficulties in treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to improve both pain and comorbid symptoms to treat neuropathic pain. Acupuncture is effective in treating not only pain but other conditions/diseases such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Recently, acupuncture was reported to be effective in improving comorbid symptoms in patients with chronic pain. This review aimed to describe the mechanisms of action of acupuncture on the brain with respect to the improvement of comorbid symptoms that appeared in animal models of chronic neuropathic pain. Comorbidity-pain studies were comprehensively reviewed. Both manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture improved not only mechanical and thermal pain but also comorbid symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. The results of this review suggest that comorbid symptoms can be improved through various mechanisms, including the dopamine system in the brain, glutamate system, inflammation, epigenetic modulation, and mitochondrial function.

Citations

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Effect of Korean medicine treatment on surgery and opioid prescription among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
Won-Jeong Ha, Ho-Yeon Go, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Frontiers in Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of electroacupuncture on restoration of traumatic vertebral compression fracture: two case studies and literature review
Ji-Sung Yeum, Ye-Rim Yun, No-Hyun Kim, Jong-Ho Choi, Do-Young Kim
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Real-world evidence on the safety and effectiveness of integrative Korean medicine for older patients post-traffic accident: A retrospective observational study
Ju-Yeun Shin, Ye-Seul Lee, Seung-Hee Lee, Jeong-Hee Noh, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Su Won Lee
Medicine.2025; 104(48): e46144. CrossRef
Long-term follow-up of inpatients with meniscus tears who received integrative Korean medicine treatment: A retrospective analysis and follow-up survey
June Haeng Lee, Jin Young Song, Kyoung Sun Park, Jinho Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Medicine.2024; 103(6): e36917. CrossRef
The analgesic effect of acupuncture in neuropathic pain: regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in the brain
Jae-Hwan Jang, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Hi-Joon Park
PAIN Reports.2024; 9(6): e1200. CrossRef

Shoulder Pain and the Potential Role of Acupuncture: A Narrative Review of Clinical Practice and Treatment Guidelines: Stephen Birch, Myeong Soo Lee, Tae-Hun Kim, Terje Alraek; Perspect Integr Med. 2022;1(1):3-9. Published online September 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2022.09.002

18,801 View
199 Download
4 Citations

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

The potential use of acupuncture for shoulder pain of various etiologies and whether clinicians make recommendations about the use of acupuncture was examined. Shoulder pain is a common clinical problem. What is the level of evidence and how often is acupuncture recommended for shoulder pain? A manual and database (PubMed) search of review articles of related clinical trials and guidelines was performed. The evidence for effectiveness of acupuncture treatment of different types of shoulder pain was weak. However, there are some studies, with a weak to moderate level of evidence, on shoulder pain (across nine subtypes of shoulder pain). Acupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain. There were 131 statements recommending the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain across 12 subtypes of shoulder pain. The most common statements were for non-specific ‘shoulder pain.’ There were 11 statements against the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain and three subtypes of shoulder pain. The level of evidence in studies of acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain is low, therefore, further research is needed. Recommendations for the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain are increasing but lag behind those for other pain problems such as low back pain.

Citations

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“Are we there yet?” – Green shoots of progress in acupuncture implementation in healthcare
Sandro Graca, Matthias Huemer, Beverley de Valois, Bobbee Vang, Lara McClure
European Journal of Integrative Medicine.2024; 69: 102371. CrossRef
Health Care Utilization for Common Shoulder Disorders: Analysis of the 2010–2019 National Patient Sample Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea
Jin-Young Kang, Doori Kim, Huijun Kim, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Medicina.2024; 60(5): 744. CrossRef
Clinical effect analysis of timed strengthening moxibustion combined with continuing nursing on symptoms of qi deficiency and blood stasis type
Fang Liu, Xuan Wang, Man Zhao, Qing Qin
Medicine.2024; 103(52): e40886. CrossRef
A Review of Key Research and Engagement in 2022
John McDonald, Sandro Graca, Claudia Citkovitz, Lisa Taylor-Swanson
Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2023; 29(8): 455. CrossRef

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